Contemporary Issues in Strategic Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1213 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Contemporary Issues in Strategic Management In the fastest changing world where the competition become high among businesses there no one can deny the importance of strategic management which engross the making and implementation of goals and the steps taken by top management of the company on the behalf of their owners. It is totally based on the contemplation of the available resources and it also helps to assess the external and internal environment which helps the organization to compete with others. There are five competitive forces which can influence the organization and can give competition; those five factors can be the bargaining power of suppliers and customers, threat of new entrants in the market, and threats of availability of substitutes in the market. All these factors can give tough competition to the organization. And to tackle this kind of situation an organization needs to have a strong strategic management because it helps to identify the proble m as well as provides direction to the organization and helps the organization to be specific towards their goals. It helps the organization in developing the policies which can give guidance to the organization what they have to do to compete with their competitors (Daghfous et,al 2009). Organization can also plan designs with the help of strategic management to attain their objectives and also helps the organization in allocating the resources within the limited time and also helps the organization to implement the plans. In short strategic management facilitate the organization to deal with internal environment and external environment which includes suppliers, customers, competitors etc. Globalization plays a vital role in discharging the borders among many countries, and turned the whole world into a village. But the question is has the globalization is benefiting the countries in the economic stability? Has the globalization influenced the UAE economy positively or negative ly? Answer to this question can be getting by observing the growth and development of the UAEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy. The globalization has turned the UAE into the most development countries in many fields especially economically. No one can deny the important role of globalization and its effect on the UAEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy (Wilkins 2010). It has affected positively affect the UAE policy because it helped the country to increase their overseas or foreign investment and also encouraged to promote the free trade between UAE and the other countries of the world. There was a survey conducted in UAE in the year 2005, according to that survey the flow of foreign direct investment in UAE achieved the record was about 10 US $ billion close to 34% of total flow of foreign capital in the Arab world. And this happened because UAE is politically established, and they maintains rights of working for businessmen and entrepreneurs, these working rights allows them to sale, do the business and rent effortlessly without government intervention and taxes imposing on their products, services and revenues. They have issued licenses to the foreign firm branches and the rates of issuing licenses to foreign firms are increasing yearly. Many foreign got this business license. Foreign countries that got business licenses include UK, India and America. In the view of fact that the world has turned into a small village because of globalization, it makes simple to other countries of the world to know about and get the information about the economic conditions and merits that UAE grants for foreign businessmen. Because of foreign investment there is a notable increase in the UAE economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capital stock (Rettab, et, al, 2009). The high capital stock enabled UAE to have tools and structures to produce. Consequently productivity has increased extensively, and in result the growth of the economy of UAE and the living standard of the people has also increas ed. Globalization has also encouraged the domestic investment of the UAE. In global capital markets UAE has a vital role with many investment institutions, such as Dubai port, Abu Dhabi investment council, Abu Dhabià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s International Petroleum Investment co. The huge increase in the domestic investment of UAE is because the globalization has permitted UAE to deal and do businesses with other developed countries such as UK and USA and also helps UAE to learn that shortcuts to the fastest growth rate are savings and more investment (Wilkins, 2010). There is a debate for some people that more investments and savings can cause the availability of resources for the consumption goods production. Though it can be stated that todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investments and savings will help to increase the production in the future and UAE can enjoy living standard in future. In the last investment can be define as the path towards the futures which will be bright. UAE is the w orldsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ preferred trade hub. According to Bank Doing Business Report ranking the UAE is on the 5th place for the trading across borders or worlds wide. And it is very important for the growth of international trade. Doing business is an important economy activity for UAE which no one can compete in globalized economy and results in increase of the exports worldwide (Al-Fawaz, et, al, 2009). UAE is taking benefit from its competitive advantage as they are trading and improving the competency of trade procedures. It has an online and independent trade network which is extremely flourishing in assessing trade of goods as well as services. Their aim is to make trade faster, low cost or cost effective and easier for the foreign businessmen as well as domestic businessmen to improve the business process with the help of advanced technology. In UAE due to globalization the development of global trade has improved in last few years. This helped UAE in improving their infrast ructure and also helped them to increase their GDP (Hvidt 2009). Trade has become important part for any countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy growth and development. They need to trade across borders to trade internationally but many countries are having political instability which is a big hindrance in the way of economical growth because foreign countries will not allow their countries to trade with those countries that are politically instable. Another competitive advantage of UAE trade is that they have low trade barriers because of their political stability and the world prefers UAE for trading and business. References: Daghfous, A., Barkhi, R. (2009). The strategic management of information technology in UAE hotels: An exploratory study of TQM, SCM, and CRM implementations.Technovation,29(9), 588-595. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497209000765. Rettab, B., Brik, A. B., Mellahi, K. (2009). A study of management perceptions of the impact of corporate social responsibility on organisational performance in emerging economies: the case of Dubai.Journal of Business Ethics,89(3), 371-390. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-008-0005-9#page-1 Al-Fawaz, K., Eldabi, T., Naseer, A. (2010). Challenges and influential factors in ERP adoption and implementation. Retrieved from https://v-scheiner.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4361 Hvidt, M. (2009). The Dubai model: An outline of key development-process elements in Dubai.International Journal of Middle East Studies,41(03), 397-418. Retrieved from https://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=onlineaid=5899680fileId=S0020743809091120 Wilkins, S. (2010). Higher education in the United Arab Emirates: an analysis of the outcomes of significant increases in supply and competition.Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management,32(4), 389-400. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1360080X.2010.491112#.U5H CQXKSwqM Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Contemporary Issues in Strategic Management" essay for you Create order

Benchmarking - 1075 Words

Chapter 1 – Mass Communications: A Critical Approach Culture and the Evolution of Mass Communication * Culture * can be narrowly associated with art – forms of expression such as music or painting that provide enlightenment or insight * can also be viewed as a broader category that includes the entire spectrum of ways that people express themselves at particular historical times * including art, beliefs, customs, games, technologies, traditions, and institutions * it also encompasses modes of communication * the process of creating symbol systems that convey information and meaning * is made up of the products a society makes and the processes that create those products * can be†¦show more content†¦* In this model there are: Senders –gt; transmit mass media messages –gt; through a mass media channel –gt; to the Receivers * This model also includes gatekeepers who act like filters A Cultural Approach to Mass Communication * Individuals and societies bring diverse meanings to messages – based on factors such as gender, age, educational level, ethnicity, and occupation – that affect how they perceive information and the media. * Audiences seek messages that reflect their own ideas and values, a phenomenon known as selective exposure The Stories Media Tell * As its most significant level, mass media and its stories can influence an entire society or nation’s perception of events The Impact of Media in Everyday Life * The ancient Greek scholar Plato created what became known as the classical view on art: art should instruct and uplift people but not glorify evil. * Today, advancements in technology, particularly the Internet, have allowed culture to grow and spread quickly, causing public outcry over the quality and content of information and messages available. 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Comparison contrast Essay Example For Students

Comparison contrast Essay The original organization in professional boxing, was the World Boxing Association (WBA) which can be traced back to the original National Boxing Association (of the United States), which was organized in 1921, the first fight recognized by the organization being the Jack Dempsey-Georges Carpentier Heavyweight title fight in New Jersey. The world at the time was recovering from a war, and many athletes had joined the military to defend their colors, so boxing became a way for many to entertain themselves. Promoter Tex Rickard, an NBA icon and the Don King of his day, helped to put some of the NBAs title fights, many of which made history. But Rickard died unexpectedly in 1931 of appendicitis and the NBA had to rely more on their champions ability to make themselves household names. By then, the great and legendary Joe Louis was approaching his championship years, and he won the Heavyweight title in 1937, holding it until 1949, and taking the NBA and boxing through another war. The fact Louis and many other champions joined the war and often came back to the United States to defend their titles made NBA boxing champions look even more heroic and patriotic. Boxing became more and more popular with the advent of TV during the 1950s, the homecomings of many fighters and the appearance of many new, young talented fighters. In 1962 the NBA, faced with world changes after World War II and the Korean War, and with the growth of booings popularity world-wide, changed its name officially to WBA, or World Boxing Association. Through the years, many competitors who also recognized world championship competitions sprung, and in that line, the WBC started out in 1963, the IBF in 1983, the WBO in 1988, and nearly a dozen others.

The Experience of Nature and the Formative Process in The Prelud free essay sample

William Wordsworth and Edward Blunden use poetry to present the experience of skating in a vivid way through the use of powerful imagery and personification of nature. While there are many similarities that link both poems there is a contrast which is mainly in the form of the darker tones and impending danger in Blundens The Midnight skaters. Both the prelude and the midnight skaters describe skating but represent it in completely contrasting ways, although they both describe an exhilarating, exciting feeling. In the prelude you feel the energy and excitement and also the sadness that Wordsworth feels as we were all children once, this is accomplished by the use of imagery throughout the poem, he begins with imagery to do with winter, such as frosty and suggests the end of a winters day. Images of warmth, such as blazd and the sun contrast this. The use of words like wheeld, hissd, flew and rapture creates the excitement and enjoyment of the boys. We will write a custom essay sample on The Experience of Nature and the Formative Process in The Prelud or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wordsworth makes it seem as if the humans are animals running through the woods, the skaters are shod with steel like until horses. At the end of the poem, he describes a vivid image of the sunset; the orange sky of evening died away. The midnight skaters, however, has a darker tone, this is achieved by the personification of death. Death himself is a very sinister character this is accomplished by the use of the word he and the description of how he hates them through the glass. Blunden, like Wordsworth begins with imagery, such as the icy pond and black bed which represents the darkness throughout the poem. The use of words like lurks, black and hate creates a feeling of impending danger which is used all through the poem. In the first stanza, the sense of danger is less apparent than in the following two, yet it is there from as early as the second line; the icy pond lurks under, this suggests that the pond isnt what it seems, which are explained further in the rest of the poem.The time at which Blunden wrote the poem is greatly significant. Having fought in the first world war, he was living in a time of great suspicion. Even at a simple, happy event like skating death could be lurking around the corner. The scene of skating can represent a battlefield itself, the skaters represent the soldiers, who were mostly very young and still naà ¯ve like the children skating; What wants he but to catch earth heedless sons and daughters. The secret waters representing the enemy and death and the ice shows how close the soldiers were to die but how they didnt even realize. The prelude is nostalgic as Wordsworth experiences the intense feelings of happiness that childhood brings when he is playing with his friends in the woods. It is also about the end of his childhood, and the end of the freedom he has, it is beautiful but yet sad.

Hamlet Brutal Truth Essays (2177 words) - Situationist International

Hamlet Brutal Truth Annonymous For decades, Guy Debords The Society of the Spectacle was only available in English in a so-called pirate edition published by Black Red, and its informativeperhaps essentialcritique of modern society languished in the sort of obscurity familiar to political radicals and the avant-garde. Originally published in France in 1967, it rarely receives more than passing mention in some of the fields most heavily influenced by its ideasmedia studies, social theory, economics, and political science. A new translation by Donald Nicholson-Smith issued by Zone Books last year, however, may finally bring about some well-deserved recognition to the recently-deceased Debord. Society of the Spectacle has been called the Capital of the new generation, and the co mparison bears investigation. Debords intention was to provide a comprehensive critique of the social and political manifestations of modern forms of production, and the analysis he offered in 1967 is as authoritative now as it was then. Comprised of nin e chapters broken into a total of 221 theses, Society of the Spectacle tends toward the succinct in its proclamations, favoring polemically poetic ambiguities over the vacuous detail of purely analytical discourse. There is, however, no shortage of justif ication for its radical claims. Hegel finds his place, Marx finds acclaim and criticism, Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg add their contributions, and Debords own insights are convincingly argued. It becomes evident quite quickly that Debord has done his homewor kSociety of the Spectacle is no art manifesto in need of historical or theoretical basis. Debords provocations are supported where others would have failed. The first chapter, Separation Perfected, contains the fundamental assertions on which much of Debords influence rests, and the very first thesis, that the whole of life of those societies in which modern conditions of production prevail presents itself as an immense accumulation of spectacles. All that was once directly lived has become mere representation. establishes Debords judgment; the rest attempt to explain it, and to elaborate on the need for a practical and revolutionary resistance. By far Debords most famous work, Society of the Spectacle lies somewhere between a provocative manifesto and a scholarly analysis of modern politics. It remains among those books which fall under the rubric of oft quoted, rarely readexcept that few ca n even quote from it. A few of the general concepts to be found in Society of the Spectacle, however, have filtered down into near-popular usage. For example, analyses of the Gulf War as a spectaclewith the attendant visual implications of representati on and the politics of diversionwere commonplace during the conflict. The distorted duplication of reality found in theme parks is typically discussed with reference to its spectacular nature, and we are now beginning to see attempts to explain how cy berspace fits into the framework of the situationist critique. (Cf. Span magazine, no. 2, published at the University of Toronto.) But this casual bandying about of vaguely situationist notions by journalists and coffee-house radicals masks the real prof undity of Debords historical analysis. Much more than a condemnation of the increasingly passive reception of political experiences and the role of television in contemporary ideological pursuits, Society of the Spectacle traces the development of the sp ectacle in all its contradictory glory, demonstrates its need for a sort of parasitic self-replication, and offers a glimpse of what may be the only hope of resistance to the spectacles all-consuming power. Fully appreciating Society of the Spectacle requires a familiarity with the context of Debords work. He was a founding member of the Situationist International, a group of social theorists, avant-garde artists and Left Bank intellectuals that arose from the remains of various European art movements. The Situationists and their predecessors built upon the project begun by Futurism, Dada, and Surrealism in the sense that they sought to blur the distinction between art and life, and called for a constant tr ansformation of lived experience. The cohesion and persuasive political analysis brought forth by Debord, however, sets the Situationist International apart from the collective obscurity (if not irrelevance) of previous art movements. Society of the Spect acle represents that aspect of situationist theory that describes precisely how the social order imposed by the contemporary global economy maintains, perpetuates, and expands its influence through the manipulation of representations. No longer relying on force or scientific economics, the status quo of social relations is mediated by images [4]. The spectacle is both cause and result of these distinctively modern forms of social organization; it is a Weltanschauung that has been actualized [5]. In the same manner that Marx wrote Capital to detail the complex and subtle economic machinations of capitalism, Debord set out to describe the intricacies

Education systems in the world are diverse and interesting

Education systems in the world are diverse and interesting Check out the most interesting education systems in the world A lot of researches are held all the time and this one concerns education systems of different countries. Various principals were taking into account while making this ranking, so let`s check the results! 11. Japan Japan is the leading country concerning literacy, science and math. In this country students attend elementary school for 6 years, three years of junior high school and three years of high school. During this time they have to decide whether they wish to go to university or no. Going to high school is not obligatory for everyone, still 98% of students attend it. 10. Barbados The Barbados government invests education sphere a lot, most of the schools are funded and run by the state. The level of literacy is one of the highest in the world and it reaches 98%. Primary is from 4 to 11, secondary is from 11 to 18. 9. New Zealand Children at the age of 5 to 19 get primary and secondary education in New Zealand and school is compulsory between 6 and 16. You can find 3 types of secondary schools in New Zealand. They are state schools where study approximately 85% of children, state-integrated – private schools which were integrated into the state but still keep their charter and educate 12%, totally private schools which teach 3% of students. 8. Estonia Estonia is the country which really cares about its education system, it spends around 4% of GPD on education. Education Act stated in 1992 contains the main goals of education. Its education strive to build a personality in each child, they create favorable conditions for the family traditions, nation. Students are aimed to get not only knowledge on sciences but on the general aspects of life which will help each student to be a conscious citizen. 7. Ireland Most secondary schools are funded by state but they are privately owned, there are also state comprehensives and vocational schools. Recent researches state that Ireland`s spending on education has fallen because of the crisis. So there`s a possibility it will suffer in the future. 6. Qatar In 2012 the BBC reported that Qatar, the country rich in oil, was becoming one of the most successful players in the field of education development, they use innovations and changes that are efficient to all students. This country does its best implementing the ideas of the Vision program of 2030 to make own country self-sufficient. All citizens have a right to visit state-funded schools for free, foreign students are to attend private schools. 5. Netherlands Dutch students are considered to be the happiest concerning the research of 2013. They get not much homework to do, they get little pressure and stress. Schools in the Netherlands are divided into faith schools and "neutral" and there also a small number of private schools. 4. Singapore This country gets high scores in the PISA (a Programme for International Student Assessment) testing, which compares knowledge of students from different countries. Unfortunately, the education system is not developed well, as students from the young age are under pressure. 3. Belgium There exist 4 different genres of secondary schools in Belgium, they are general, technical, vocational and art secondary schools. Education is well-funded in Belgium and it holds the priority positions here. A great range of private and state schools is available for children of 4-18 years old. Education is for free or at law cost. 2. Switzerland Lessons in Switzerland are held in different languages depending on the region, German, French and Italian are the most popular. From secondary school students are separated depending on their abilities. Only 5% of students attend private schools. 1. Finland Finland is famous all over the world with its education system. Students here study in the same classes not depending on their abilities and knowledge. This helps to make the gap between the weakest and the strongest to be the smallest in the world. Children here get little homework and they pass only one test at the age of 16.

The count of monte cristo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The count of monte cristo - Essay Example The means of revenge and the end of the story are also different in the book and the film. The book reveals Edmond’s plan to pay back to those who falsely accused him, causing him to serve a jail term of 14 years in Chateau d’If. Danglars and Fernard Mondego had falsely witnessed against him, claiming that he was a Bonapartist traitor (Dumas 10). Villefort order the imprisonment of Edmond. However, Edmond escapes from jail. He purchases an island after discovering that the treasure of Monte Cristo was in it, and he becomes the Count. He then proceeds to execute his plan of revenge by using his intellectualism and great richness to gain the social status that wittily attracts the enemies. After the three men have taken the bait, he begins to take revenge on them. He uncovers their past sins, corruption, crimes, and secrets. They get humiliated to an extent of getting insane and even committing suicide. He manipulates Danglars stocks and financial status in the bond market. Edmond lets the whole world know how, during the Greek independence war, Fernard betray ed a close friend by the name Ali Pasha, a Janina monarch. He also unearths how Ferdinand subsequently sold Ali Pasha’s wife and daughter into the system of slavery. Additionally, Edmond uncovers the old affair between Danglar’s wife and Villefort that result in the birth of a boy child. He reveals how Villefort buried the child alive because he saw him being stubborn. However, Villefort’s enemy saved the child, named him Benedetto, and took care of him. Benedetto works as a steward of Edmond’s property. Edmond humiliated Villefort by exposing the identity of the boy and circumstances of his life. However, Edmond’s pursuit of revenge in the book does not make his love for friends and family to waiver. He buys all debts of Pierre Morrel to save him from a financial crisis. He accepts Dangler’s repentance, release him from prison, and allow him his small

Meetings with the student counselors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Meetings with the student counselors - Essay Example In the following parts of this argumentative paper, first causes of the long lines of waiting students to meet with the counselors are accounted for. It is followed by their effects and solutions are provided. And, before conclusion a statement of rebuttal is also accounted for. Causes The delayed meetings with a student counselor or adviser have become a routine in the College. Many students are required to wait in long queues; and, at the same time, students are given late appointment date and time for a meeting with the student counselor or adviser. This may be caused by not meeting with the requirement of the demand and supply in the College- the supply side of increasing students each year may not be managed by accordingly fulfilling the demand of the student counselors and advisers. Furthermore, the College may not have well-trained or experienced student counselors or advisors. Most of the time, an inexperienced student counselor or advisor consumes more time while counseling or advising a student. Consequently, many students are required to stay in long queues waiting to meet with the student counselors. Effects Academic performance and frustration increase due to the long lines of students waiting to meet with the counselors and advisors. ... And, they prefer to manage both sides without compromising any aspect. Under such conditions, if they are forced to wait in the long lines to meet with the student counselors, certainly their academic performance would greatly be affected by that. Moreover, if their academic performance is being affected by such delays, they become frustrated and the level of anxiety, which is perceived as occupying a significant position in academic achievement (Columbus 137), rises. Generally, the part time students already remain heavily under pressure. And, waiting in the long lines does nothing but to increase their frustration. For the College, the implications of academically under-performed students cannot be ruled out. The College reputation may be affected by the ill-performing or under-performing students; and, subsequently, it would not be supportive for the College ranking. For generating a good number of students, the Colleges are required to obtain good ranking at the state level. Addi tionally, the potential students may avoid getting admission in the College under such conditions. As a result, this would affect the inflows of the College which are normally generated from the student fees. Solutions The removal of causes brings solutions; first, the number of student counselors and advisers must be increased according to the student enrollment; so that increasing supply of students must be adjusted with the demand of advisers and counselors. Additionally, the College management must appoint well-experienced and appropriately qualified student counselors and advisors. Rebuttal The long student lines for meeting with the counselors and advisors may not be frequent. It is possible that the frequency of this issue

Human Activities Undermine the Environment Research Paper

Human Activities Undermine the Environment - Research Paper Example Interestingly, man’s exploitation of the environment can be traced throughout medieval history from the days of the scratch-plow and cross-plowing in the European continent; the subsequent invention of a more efficient plow that could cut the line of the furrow sharply defined man as the master of the environment rather than part of nature. Man’s power over nature has been captured vividly in western illustrated calendars before A.D. 830, which depict man as the exploiter of the environment through actions such as plowing, harvesting, chopping trees as well as butchering pigs (White, 1974). This clearly shows that man and the environment are entirely different things and that man has authority over his surroundings; in that respect, man’s exploitative relation with nature is not an entirely new phenomenon, given its documentation in medieval times. Biblically, man is charged as the custodian of the environment with all creation meant for man’s use; this al so underscores man’s authority over nature that has been the focus of Christian beliefs. The idea that man is superior to nature has inevitably informed man’s exploitative attitudes and tendencies that have in most cases rendered ecologies derelict through human maneuverings that have inevitably instigated numerous negative impacts.  There is great need for rethinking of man’s relation to nature, particularly given that the conceptualization of this man-nature relationship determines man’s impact on the environment.

Application Of Industrialised Building System Construction Essay

Application Of Industrialised Building System Construction Essay This is because under the Seventh Malaysia Plan (1996-2000) the Government of Malaysia for the first time to introduced the Low Medium Cost Housing category (the previously it was classified together with medium cost housing category) due to the always increasing demand for housing in this category. In additional, it is to ensure that the middle low income group with salary ranging from RM1,501.00 to RM2,500.00 per month and able to own a house. However, the pricing of low medium cost housing are around RM42,001.00 to RM60,000.00 per unit only. Using IBS in this types of housing project are more suitable because high volume and stability of demand for buildings is the advantages of using IBS. Besides that, it will also reduce the selling price of low medium cost housing. The IBS is a manufactured the building components at factories (off site manufacture), will enable cost saving; safety and health; productivity and quality improvement through the reduction of labour intensity and construction standardisation. Apart from this method, it also offers minimal site wastage, less site materials, cleaner and neater environment, controlled quality, and lower total construction costs. Using higher percentage of IBS in the construction of public housing and other building projects will provide better productivity, quality, and safety, especially for the total construction time saving and cost saving. IBS will contribute towards a better construction industry, as well as improve the global competitiveness of Malaysian builders. Nowadays, IBS in Malaysia become more popularity in the construction industry especially for the Government project. An early effort by the Government of Malaysia to promote usage of IBS and develop an Open Building system (OBS) concept as an alternative to conventional and labour intensive construction method has yet to make headway. According to Works Minister Datuk Mohd Zin Mohamed, the prefabricated parts will be used in all Government projects in a proposal to reduce the dependence on foreign workers. Besides that, it wills also reducing inherent social problems involving these foreign workers. The use of prefabricated parts was part of the IBS which would be adopted for all Government projects. The Government of Malaysia has ordered all government agencies carrying out development and peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s housing projects to use at least 70% IBS content in those projects. In the beginning, literature review was conducted to determine an overall idea regarding IBS for public housing. This refers to collecting the latest secondary data and information from different sources which including books, journals, magazines, dissertations, conference papers, and information from the internet. These materials were used for background reading to obtain full understanding and information needed for discussion and analysis in the research. Conventional construction method is defined as components of the building that are prefabricated on site through the processes of timber or plywood formwork installation, steel reinforcement, and cast in-situ. This construction method is mostly built of reinforced concrete frames for conventional building. Using the wooden formwork mainly is for the traditional construction method and need take some time to construct the formwork before concreting. This construction method is much more costly for construction which is need includes total labour requirement, raw material, transportation and very importance once is low speed of construction. The main objective of a cast in-situ construction method is to weed out and reduce the using traditional timber formwork, brickwork, and plastering. A carefully planned in-situ work can maximise the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction. Cast in-situ method uses lightweight prefabricated formwork made of steel or fibreglass or aluminium that is easily erected and dismantled. The steel reinforcement is placed within the formwork after finishes construct the formwork. After placing the reinforcement they are being erected and concrete is poured into the mould. When the concrete is set and according to the required strength, the moulds are dismantled. The workers can be easily trained to erect the moulds and set the steel reinforcement. These construction methods are required limited labour and it will reduce the total labour need. Its advantages over the conventional construction method include, low skill workers requirement, speedy construction, low building m aintenance, durable structure and less construction cost. These prefabricated timber framing systems is using the timber in the construction industry for construct the building. Usually the timber framing system are consists of timber building frames and timber roof trusses (show as below figure 7). While the steel framing systems have been the more popular choice on construction industry, but the timber roof truss system also have its own market where it is offering interesting designs from simple dwelling units to buildings requiring high aesthetical values such as chalets for resorts. This prefabricated timber framing system we can see in the traditional building. Prefabricated construction in Malaysia started way back almost fourth years ago with the completion of the Tunku Abdul Rahman Public Housing Estate or commonly known as the Pekeliling Flats. No proper plan was formulated by the government for the industrialisation of construction and until the inception of the IBS Roadmap 2003-2010. This is a master plan to facilitate the transformation the Malaysian construction sector was formulated with inputs from industry and endorsed by the Cabinet back in October 2003. Known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Industrialised Building System (IBS) Roadmap 2003-2010à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , the master plan is based on the 5-M Strategy (Manpower, Materials-Components-Machines, Management-Processes-Methods, Monetary economic and financial and Marketing promotion) with the aim of having an industrialised construction industry as well as achieving Open Building by the year 2010. The transformation of the construction sector is crucial in ensuring the successful achieveme nt of Vision 2020. Each part on the IBS Scoring was having their own rules and regulation to calculate the points. For example: under Part (1): Structural System, the points are awarded for various types of structural system used such as precast concrete beams and columns, steel, and prefabricated timber. For the Part (2): Wall Systems, the points are awarded based on various types of wall systems used such as precast concrete panel, glass, dry partition and block work. For the Part (3): Other Simplified Construction Solutions, the points are awarded based on usage of other simplified construction solution for example standard components based on MS 1064, standardized grids, other 3D prefabricated components (prefabricated toilets, and staircases). IBS Score calculation only considers the superstructure elements of a building and sub-structure works are not taken into account in the calculation.

Internal and external factors effecting the cost position Essay

The increased imports of the European as well as the Japanese make of automobiles in the United States significantly impacted the demand of the automobiles manufactured by the US manufacturers. â€Å"Imports of sub-compact cars from Europe and Japan rose steadily in the 1950s, often as families’ second cars but US manufacturers retained their hold on the lucrative markets for larger vehicles. † (French, 1997, p142) The US manufactures saw their market shrink as the more aware and price conscious consumers shifted to the European and Japanese counter parts for their automobiles, while the US manufacturers were left with making large, excessive fuel consuming vehicles that denoted social status and personal style. Aside from this the increasing prices of crude oil in the international market in the 1970s also significantly changed the demand of the automobiles as depicted by the consumers. â€Å"A crisis in the US car-market developed as a result of sudden unforeseen shifts in the general environment which allowed overseas producers to expand market share rapidly. New car sales faltered in the 1970s and excess capacity increased. At the same time the leap in fuel prices shifted the consumer preference towards smaller, more fuel efficient cars which Japanese and European makers already supplied in their domestic markets and were better able to produce that were the US manufacturers used to making larger, more up-market ‘gas-guzzlers’† (French, 1997, p142) The automobiles of French and Japanese make were smaller, more fuel efficient as well as more stylish yet cheaper than the those manufactured by the big three US automobile manufactures. As a result the consumers opted for purchasing the imported cars instead of those manufactured by the Unites States manufacturers. The recession of the 1970s also further reduced the disposal income and the propensity to save for the people in the United States which made purchasing the imported European and Japanese models of automobiles much more attractive to the consumers instead of opting for those models manufactured by the big three US automobile manufacturers. In the same period the perception of the consumers also significantly changed as was marked by the baby boomer generation and the hippy era. In this period, the consumer became more aware of the environment, the increasing pollution and the contribution that automobiles made towards adding to the pollution levels. As a result the consumers started to look for cheaper alternatives of travel and those which were more environmental friendly that the vehicles manufactured by the big three US automobile manufacturers. The internal factors that contributed to the changing cost position of the Bridgestone Industries, specifically at the plant pertained to the decreasing demand of the US manufactured cars and increased demand for cheaper cars that was reflected un the restricting cost based purchases being made by the big three manufactures form the Bridgestone Industries. As the volume of sales decreased for Bridgestone Industries, along with the margin for profits on sales made due to the rising overhead costs the cost position of the Bridgestone Industries significantly changed to become negative and resulted in the closing of the automotive component and fabrication facility by the Bridgestone Industries. Overhead Burden Rate The Bridgestone Industries had a specific method for determining the overhead burden rate for the products that was proposed and set on an annual basis. â€Å"The budgeted unit costs provided by the plant for the 1987 model year study included overhead (burden) applied to products as a percentage of direct labor dollar cost. The overhead percentage was calculated at the budget time and used throughout the model year to allocate overhead to products using a single overhead pool. The overhead rate used in the study was 435% of direct labor cost† (Patricia & Cooper, 1993) The following table depicts the overhead burden rate for the years starting 1987 through to 1990. Overhead Burden Rate (‘000) 1987 1988 1989 1990 Total Overheads 107,954 109,890 78,157 79,393 Total Direct Labor Dollar Cost 24,682 25,294 13,537 14,102 Overhead Burden Rate 437 434 577 562 The analysis of the overhead burden that was determined for the years, 1987, 1988, 1989 and 1990 showed that the total over heads increased from 1987 to 1988. However in 1989, there was a drop in the overhead level as the muffler exhausts and the oil pan based product lines were merged with the other three product lines. This reduced the overheads significantly. In 1990 however the trend shows that the overheads for the Bridgestone Industries increased again on an annual basis. The direct labor dollar cost showed a similar trend as well reflecting the increasing expenses along with the effect that the closure of the muffler/exhaust and oil pan lines had on the labor cost. The overhead burden rate that was determined pertained to approximately 437 percent in 1987, 434 percent in 1988, 577 percent in 1989 and 562 percent in 1990. The following table depicts the overhead burden shared by the respective product lines at the Bridgestone Industries for the years starting 1987 through to 1990. Overhead Burden Share per Product Line (‘000) Overhead Burden 1987 1988 1989 1990 Fuel Tanks 18,234. 35 18,412. 03 25,490. 37 25,891. 96 Manifolds 25,744. 16 26,184. 35 36,246. 56 36,819. 62 Doors 11,463. 72 11,864. 85 16,420. 07 16,681. 43 Mufflers/Exhausts 24,646. 33 25,050. 44 0 0 Oil Pans 27,865. 45 28,378. 33 0 0 107,954 109,890 78,157 79,393 The overheads shared by the respective product lines also depicted significant change in the years from 1987 to 1990. On average the oil pans product line had the largest overheads allocated to its while the product line for the front and rear doors had the lowest overhead levels for the years 1987 and 1988. When the product lines were merged in 1989, the manifolds product line had the largest level of overheads allocated to it, while the product line for front and rear doors had the lowest level of overheads assigned to it. On a year to year basis, the overhead burden level has decreased by a small gradual percentage over the four years highlighted. This is not due to the fact that the overheads for the company have been decreasing; instead this has occurred due to the fact that the dollar cost of the direct labor has incrementally increased over the four year period as well resulting in the decrease in the overhead burden rate.

Chapter 4 of ‘The Turn of the Screw’ Essay

How does Chapter 4 of ‘The Turn of the Screw’ establish the character’s/narrator’s point of view? How does it encourage the reader to judge the character/narrator? Use evidence of diction, tone and symbolism to substantiate your reading. Chapter 4 of the novel begins after the governess has apparently seen for the first time, a strange man standing on the rooftop of Bly. She has described the figure in great detail, leading us to lend at least some small credence to her belief that it is a real person; how could she have described him in such detail if she hadn’t actually seen something? The chapter, however, begins with the governess in a state of paranoia about the incident and her situation. The governess compares her situation to two very popular gothic romances, which is the first instance in which we as readers begin to question her sanity. Was there a ‘secret’ at Bly – a mystery of Udolpho†¦? Udolpho, Radcliffe’s novel, she does directly, however she also mirrors the plot of Jane Eyre in her wishing to marry her master. Likening her world to the worlds of two pieces of fiction, rather than add clarity to her situation, instead have the opposite effect in leading us to question her perception of the lines between reality and fantasy. Ironically she mentions an â€Å"insane relative† and â€Å"confinement† when in fact she is the one starting to become ‘insane’ and is indeed the one confined to this large country house, away from the man that she loves, the one man she cannot get to. Further to this view of the governess’ fascination with the master bringing up questions of her sanity, the very vision of Quint himself could help us to understand this. With no outlet for her feelings for the master, it can be said that the vision of the man she sees is indeed a manifestation of her feelings for the master. She experiences â€Å"curiosity† and â€Å"dread† at the vision, she finds Quint attractive yet also aggressive and terrifying, as handsome as the master yet different as in the manifestation of a dream. It can be said that she has created for herself a sexual substitute onto which she projects her fears and her desires, she fears his sexuality. Small turns of phrase used by the governess also lead us, at least subconsciously to doubt the account of the governess. She â€Å"can’t say how long† she remained rooted to the spot after the vision, in a dream-like daze perhaps? She is writing this account well after the events after all, meaning that her own views of events and time are distorted. There is a vagueness and ambiguity to the whole account and of course her personal feelings could have coloured her view of actual events; it is incredibly difficult to remember something so long after with total recall. She finds herself â€Å"hesitate to mention† the events to Mrs Grose. Why is this? Could she doubt her own ideas already or is she as she says trying to â€Å"spare† her companion? What is this â€Å"inward revolution† that she experiences? This idea of the governess seeing herself as a hero and saviour is prevalent throughout the chapter and the novel. The innocence of the children is possibly the central theme of the novel and perhaps this manifestation of Quint happens because she feels threatened. Indeed the apparitions always seem to take place after a happy session with the children. Whether Quint is a ghost or not, the idea of evil approaching innocence is important to consider as a symbol. James has taken great pains to highlight the innocence of the children and the governess gives us her own views on the evilness of this character. Every scene and action seems to further illuminate the question to us of the children’s innocence. The governess sees Miles as â€Å"quite unpunishable† and sees his actions as a â€Å"direct disproof† to his guilt, but we as readers know that Miles has been expelled from many schools. The governess freely admits that she is â€Å"under the spell† of the children of whom she has only known for a relatively short time. She becomes incredibly critical of the headmaster and school, â€Å"little horrid unclean school-world† and â€Å"stupid sordid headmasters† show us that she is becoming very defensive, almost irrationally so, of this one thing – the children – that is almost keeping her going. There is an altogether unwholesome purity to Miles and Flora, as if they are ‘too’ innocent and it creates ideas in our own heads about how they could be playing with the governess. Could Quint be the manifestation of a sense of her feeling that this happiness with the children is threatened? The governess’ own ideas about Quint also lead us to question her because they are entirely subjective views and they get more and more subjective throughout the novel. Originally there was some credibility to her account as she described the physical aspects of the ‘ghost’. We don’t know that it’s Quint, just a man, and this makes her account seem more trustworthy. On the second occasion she gives her thoughts and the account begins to unravel a little. How can she possibly know that he was looking for the children? She can not possibly. She makes claims that can’t be proven such as the â€Å"monstrous liberty† that this ‘traveller’ has taken by coming into the grounds and taking a look form the tower. She speaks of her â€Å"duty and courage†, again referencing herself as the hero. She is beginning to fit her ideas around the vision and more and more doubt is being cast upon her all the time. The fact that she sees him a second time disproves her original view of him being a wayfarer. The fact that it appears to be the same handsome man could be a mistake, and this in fact could be a stranger who exists in reality outside of her fantasies. She mentions the children as being an â€Å"antidote to any pain.† Could she be speaking of the master here as well as her problems at home? She recognises the man â€Å"one step into the room†¦instantaneous† as though she’s almost expecting it. It is very difficult to recognise someone you have seen only once from very far away immediately. The â€Å"forward stride† he has taken is symbolic of her approaching madness perhaps? She has â€Å"known him always†, is he a part of her, some part of her mind? We also have the symbolism, â€Å"the darkness had quite closed in†, of madness fairly early in the chapter. Many people recall insanity or madness to be like a great cloud or darkness, and of course this is echoed in the greyness of the day and poor weather, which incidentally is very evocative of the gothic mood leading us to reconsider the possibility of a supernatural event actually taking place as well I believe. Both times that she sees the man, she spends days wandering about, losing track of time and this could be a reaction of intense shock to seeing a ghost, but she doesn’t yet know that this is a ghost. â€Å"There were hours, from day to day†¦when I had to shut myself up to think† She is almost obsessing over the vision. He has to decide whether or not she has been â€Å"made the object of any game,† another instance of her paranoia. She â€Å"repeatedly dipped into† her room again and again by her own admission and we are beginning to wonder now at the state of her mind and the nature of the shock she had undergone. After the first time she describes her reaction as â€Å"the shock I had suffered.†, and all of these wanderings, loss of time and bouts of shock lead me personally to believe she has had a bout of hysteria and could possibly be imagining the whole thing. â€Å"The good thing after all, was that we should surely see no more of him.† – although she is trying to convince the reader and herself, she doesn’t seem very sure, although we again have to remember that she is writing this after the events. She is withholding information from us deliberately, and when we find out that she does see him again, it affects our trust of her once more. She even loses all sense of â€Å"duration† again. She speaks of losing him and outside being â€Å"empty with a great emptiness†, sounding almost disappointed at not finding the man, or manifestation of the master. She has feelings for her absent master, similar in appearance to this vision, sexual desires, and this on top of the bad news that she has been receiving from home and the paranoia she has been experiencing builds up and up until it manifests itself on a dark night/grey day and she thinks that she sees something. On both occasions she has even been the instigator of her placement; she decides to go for a walk and she was the one who left the gloves where she had on the second occasion. Was it mere coincidence that the apparitions happened on both of these occasions? We are left, as usual in the novel, unsure by the ambiguity and to decide for ourselves. Ironically at the end of the chapter, the governess is juxtaposed with the position of the stranger, and she becomes the source of terror for everybody else rather than the heroine as she presses herself against the window and Mrs Grose enters the room.

Gift Exchange essays

Gift Exchange essays It is the most ancient system of economy and law that we can find or of which we can conceive. (pg. 70) This quote, from Marcel Mauss The Gift, describes the system of total services, and how it formed the basis of gift exchange. Gifts have many different meanings behind them. Now days, we give gifts as a tradition for birthdays, Christmas, anniversaries and so on. Yet, in the times of the Scandinavian civilization, among others, gift exchange was the way their economy was ran. Even though the gift exchange economy worked for these civilizations, it is not a sufficient way to run an economy. Gift exchange took place just how exchanges and contracts are made today. The giving and receiving of these exchanges are obligatory. The obligations of exchange were made between, as Mauss put it in The Gift, the contracting parties were legal entities; clans, tribes, and families. (The Gift pg. 5) What they exchanged, primarily, were acts of politeness, as Mauss wrote it. (The Gift pg. 5) These were forms of banquets, rituals, women, children, dances, and festivals. These came to be a form of gifts and presents to the other families or clans. Now that this economy has been partly explained, we must go on to its features. The most important feature within the gift exchange economy would be the obligation to give and receive. The glamour of giving a gift is prestige. In the present time, we elect a ruler, or a president. With electing someone, as the President, people get to know their accomplishments, some of their background, their abilities and what they are capable of. With honoring someone with prestige because they gave a good gift seems a bit unreasonable. All it does is show that that particular person knows how to please someone in this exchange. It doesnt really give you much reference as to who the person is. Within the gift exchange economy, prestige allows ...

Looking At The Lives And Education Of Foster Children Social Work Essay Essays

Looking At The Lives And Education Of Foster Children Social Work Essay Essays Looking At The Lives And Education Of Foster Children Social Work Essay Essay Looking At The Lives And Education Of Foster Children Social Work Essay Essay 2004 ) . The importance of permanence in the lives of surrogate young person raises the inquiry: What is the highest degree of instruction completed by Foster attention young person after household reunion compared to non-reunified young person? The National Association of Financial Aid Administrators states that if surrogate young person attended postsecondary instruction at the same degree as their equals, the consequence would be an extra 100,000 young person go toing college in the United States, per twelvemonth ( Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2007 ) . Although there are specific commissariats and plans that may supply foster attention young person with more mental wellness services and fiscal assistance than the mean pupil, it is reported that many foster young person are non cognizant that college is an option for them ( Dishion et al. , 2004 ) . Not merely do pupils from surrogate attention lack the support construction that other pupils rely on, many besides have reserves about placing their yesteryears ( Dishion et al. , 2004 ) . This makes it hard to execute outreach to supply information, support, and other resources to help them in accomplishing postsecondary educational ends. Shame ov er childhood history may besides impede foster attention young person in finishing the needed personal statement part of college applications. Educational accomplishment among surrogate young person and reunified foster young person is of import for societal work research as it encompasses a assortment of societal issues. Such research can open doors to the educational system and the greater demand for societal workers in schools. By puting a microscope on educational attainment of surrogate young person versus reunified young person, we can gauge whether reunion contributes to completion of higher degrees of instruction and better support systems for households. This research comes at a clip when important budget cuts, proposed by Governor Schwarzenegger, to countries such as mental wellness and kid public assistance, endanger to extinguish support for supportive plans for surrogate young person, many of which are the really ground Foster young person are marginally successful. It is projected these cuts will greatly impact permanence plans and In-Home Supportive Services, every bit good as addition the figure of surrogate young person in residential and hospital intervention installations ( Scott Graves Ph.D, Senior Policy Analyst for the California Budget Project, 2008 ) . Second, media coverage has highlighted incidents of ferociousness between pupils, late ensuing in the human death of one Foster young person. The prevalence of societal exclusion is apparent in such headlines. The Social Exclusion Unit Report ( 2003 ) states that surrogate young person are more likely to be bullied, 6 out of 10, compared to 1 in 6 out-of-care kids ( Social Exclusion Unit Report, 2003 ) . The deductions of such intimidation, is an addition in high school bead out rates amongst surrogate young person. Literature Review Many surrogate kids s lives are characterized by instability, which involves unplanned school alterations doing undeveloped societal accomplishments and the ability to develop relationships with equals. Missing cardinal educational stuff adversely affects their acquisition and accomplishment ( Zeitlin, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to the Youth Justice Board Survey, kids in attention are 10 times more likely to be inveterate absent from school ( Social Exclusion Unit Report, 2003 ) . Zeitlin ( 2004 ) points out that 10 % of the general population receives particular instruction services, whereas 25-52 % of surrogate kids are placed in particular instruction due to either a learning disablement or serious emotional perturbation. Leathers and Testa ( 2006 ) conducted a survey on 416 indiscriminately selected liberated Foster young person through a study administered to social workers in Illinois to place whether surrogate young person had achieved independent life following surrogate attention arrangement. Leathers and Testa ( 2006 ) instructed social workers to supply information on 17-year-old Foster young person that would be followed for two old ages, as services for youth terminal at 19 old ages of age. Leathers and Testa ( 2006 ) measured information on the Foster young person s independent life accomplishments, educational attainment, and ability to derive and maintain employment every bit good as emotional, behavioural and particular demands. The findings revealed that 42 % of surrogate young person had high school sheepskin or equivalency grades ( Leathers A ; Testa, 2006 ) . Furthermore, 23 % were enrolled in a four-year university or community college ( Leathers A ; Testa, 2006 ) . Twenty per cen tum were identified as high school dropouts who were non prosecuting a GED or higher instruction ( Leathers A ; Testa, 2006 ) . The Leathers and Testa ( 2006 ) survey revealed that despite discrepancies in educational attainment, many of the young person included in the survey were able to accomplish independent life accomplishments. Colton and Heath ( 1994 ) conducted a longitudinal survey on the educational advancement and behaviour of long-run Foster young person compared to kids having societal work support while remaining with their biological parents. The sample consists of 49 surrogate kids ( 26 male, 23 female ) , ages 8-14 old ages old, who have been in attention for at least 6 months. A kid s behaviour was measured by qualitative questionnaires distributed to the pupils instructors and parents. Educational attainment was measured by standardised trial tonss in comparing to the national norm of all pupils in the 8-14 twelvemonth old age bracket. In proving whether or non there is a correlativity between behaviour jobs and low educational attainment among detached kids, Colton and Heath ( 1994 ) found that overall academic attainment tonss were below the national norm, irrespective of celebrated behaviour jobs. Contrary to Colton and Heath s survey, Merdinger, Hines, Lemon, Osterling and Wyatt ( 2005 ) present findings on a multimethod and multiphase survey of liberated Foster young person go toing a four-year university to foreground the resiliency Foster young person exemplify in the face of hardship. Merdinger ( 2005 ) and her co-workers conducted a survey entitled Nerve pathwaies to College for Former Foster Youth utilizing a sample of 216 former Foster young person go toing college on 11 campuses in one big province university system. The Pathways to College for Former Foster Youth survey utilized qualitative self-administered studies which took 20 to thirty proceedingss to finish and were so mailed back. Merdinger et al. , ( 2005 ) found that while many research workers focus on the deficiency of educational attainment within the Foster attention system, there is really small focal point on the success rates of surrogate young person who have received reunion services. Kools ( 1997 ) discusses individuality development in surrogate young person and explains how negative effects of lessened position, such as societal isolation, and stereotyped outlooks, such as others beliefs that surrogate young person are nt motivated or capable, decreases accomplishment in developmental mileposts. Kools ( 1997 ) sample included 17 striplings ( 9 female, 8 male ) between the ages of 15 and 19, who have experienced multiple arrangement passages populating in long-run ( 2-11 old ages ) Foster attention, in both surrogate household places and group places. Data was collected qualitatively by carry oning intensive interviews with kids in Foster attention, observation in group-home scenes, and an analysis of instance records. Kools ( 1997 ) methodological analysis included dimensional analysis from the traditional grounded theory method to analyze experiences shared from the Foster kid s position. Kools ( 1997 ) found that the negative stereotypes and stigma attached to further attention youth lead to peer examination within schools, devaluating their already low, sense of ego, decelerating a kid s developmental procedure and doing low self-prides and low academic accomplishment. As a consequence of the ambitious experiences foster youth face due to emotional injury and separation from household members, Merdinger et al. , ( 2005 ) illustrated that following discharge from the Foster attention system, 35 % of the surveies participants identified having mental wellness services. Further, of those, 31 % , stated they utilised therapy or guidance, 10.2 % received outpatient services and 6.9 % obtained in-patient services. However, Leathers and Testa ( 2006 ) found that 60 % of young person who reported holding mental wellness jobs did non describe having any services within the past 3 months. Further, Leathers and Testa ( 2006 ) revealed that young person who had dropped out of high school were less likely to have services than any other young person. Academic shortages in surrogate kids have partly contributed to residential instability ensuing in the frequent transportation of surrogate young person from one Foster place to the following. Passages to new surrogate places are disputing for the young person as they are sometimes located in different school territories, coercing the kids to travel and readapt to a new group of schoolmates and instructors ( Cogner A ; Finkelstein, 2003 ) . Passage can be particularly disputing for surrogate young person as they frequently experience low self-pride, devaluation and stigmatisation, which can negatively impact their academic attainment ( Kools, 1997 ) . Additionally, Cogner and Finkelstein ( 2003 ) estimation that about, 15-33 % of kids who experience residential instability show low academic accomplishment and a diminution in academic public presentation due to high rates of school transportations and residential alterations ( p. 98 ) . Due to hapless communicating between societal public assistance bureaus and the school system, foster kids get left behind ( Cogner A ; Finkelstein, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Cogner A ; Finkelstein ( 2003 ) delays in instruction caused by school transportations and a deficiency of a consistent arrangement, are educational barriers within the Foster attention system. A conducive factor to this issue is the hapless communicating between the societal public assistance bureaus and the school systems, which allows foster kids to acquire left behind in school ( Cogner A ; Finkelstein, 2003 ) . This survey reveals that in one peculiar instance, several pupils were absent from school for a whole month because the Department of Education failed to finish their enrollment paperwork ( Cogner A ; Finkelstein, 2003 ) . Cogner and Finkelstein ( 2003 ) uncovered an overall deficiency of support for Foster attention pupils throughout their academic calling. They point out the demand to raise consciousness of Foster attention pupils in schools, and educate instructors and counsel counsellors who are normally unfamiliar with the Foster attention system every bit good as the experiences of surrogate kids ( Cogner and Finkelstein, 2003 ) . Cogner and Finkelstein ( 2003 ) place a deficit of social workers recommending for surrogate young person in the instruction system. The survey studies that due to heavy caseloads, social workers tend to prioritise wellness and safety over instruction ( Cogner and Finkelstein, 2003 ) . There is really small research done on school transportation and the effects on surrogate youth educational accomplishment. Restrictions of this research analysis include the trust of information gathered on surrogate young person statistics from the Administrative Children s Services and the Department of Education databases. Dissimilar to Cogner and Finkelstein, Merdinger et al. , ( 2005 ) found that several external factors contributed to a Foster young person s educational attainment ; educational stableness in high school joined with a demanding course of study every bit good as the outlook that they would go to college. Merdinger et al. , ( 2005 ) revealed that several pupils stated they had function theoretical accounts who made a permanent feeling on them and in most instances these, important grownups did something special to maintain the young person in school or on the way to college ( p.875 ) . Overall, Merdinger et al. , found that the importance of an indispensable figure at a critical phase in a young person s development impacted their chase of higher instruction. Overall, the survey pointed out that the bulk of the sample ( 75.7 % ) indicated they had person to inquire for aid or advice and 39.4 % a household member, 19 % a counsellor or healer, and 11 % a instructor or school staff. The refore, of import relationships that were established in earlier childhood may hold prepared pupils for ulterior passages in life. Rarely is the household of beginning perceived as a valuable beginning of support for a kid who has been removed from his or her place. Alternatively, the household is viewed entirely as the genteelness land for the maltreatment and disregard that initiated the kid s arrangement in the Foster attention system. Although research workers have explored the Foster attention population, Emerson ( 2007 ) points out, the absence of sound informations and information is forestalling advocators, analysts, and policymakers from run intoing the educational demands of this vulnerable population ( p. 7 ) . With the displacement in the kid public assistance system towards permanence planning, what is yet to be explored is reunified surrogate young persons advancement through the higher instruction system ( Emerson 2007 ) . Successful intercessions that promote the quality of household fond regard, history, and resiliency to beef up the kid s self-esteem, will show improved educational results ( Dishion et al. , 2004 ) . Family Reunification plans that provide support squads of societal workers, instructors, and decision makers, better the cloth of the kid s full community. Many of the households functioning young person in out-of-home attention demand to recommend with schools to do certain that this at-risk population receives the educational benefits to which they are entitled. Methods Research Design In order to find if reunified Foster young person will hold higher rates of educational attainment versus non-reunified Foster young person, the survey will do usage of an exploratory-descriptive design using quantitative research methods. There will be two stages of the sample choice procedure: 1 ) the first stage will dwell of indiscriminately choosing 5000 former Foster young person from the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services 2 ) from the first sample, a subgroup will be assembled based on a telephone interview that will be used to find the length of clip spent in surrogate attention every bit good as reunion position. Following the first stage and retroflexing the Pathways to College survey ( 2005 ) , the Reunification survey will roll up informations in the signifier of a self-administered questionnaire which will be mailed to former Foster attention young person shacking in Los Angeles County. The questionnaire was developed utilizing information from the Pathways to College survey ( 2005 ) in add-on to specific reunion inquiries devised by alumnus pupils at the University of Southern California School of Social Work. Non-probability, purposive trying methods will be employed to enroll former Foster attention young person. Non-probability trying choice will trust on available topics found throughout the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services records of surrogate young person. The sampling frame will trust on the telephone interview responses from the initial 5000 former Foster attention young person shacking in Los Angeles County. It is predicted that at least 1000 topics will be assembled from the initial 5000 former Foster attention youth sample. The mark population is former Foster attention youth aged 22-30 old ages of age ( born between the old ages of 1978-1985 ) . Further, topics will be given an inducement of $ 15, which will be mailed to respondents who return the completed study. Adequate compens ation of $ 15 is determined based on the thought that respondents may be enrolled in college or late graduated. The usage of a cross-sectional survey will mensurate the experiences of reunified Foster young person capturing their educational attainment at one point in their life. The principle for the overall design is that it will advance an expansive hunt of the Foster attention system turn uping a population which is by and large unrecognised. Sample Two stages of sampling will be employed to choose the sample of non-reunified Foster attention young person every bit good as reunified Foster young person. Both stages will dwell of non-probability, purposive trying methods that will be used to enroll former Foster attention young person populating throughout Los Angeles County. Participants were accessed through records obtained by manner of the Department of Children and Family Services Foster Care System. Participants are verified through official certification provided by DCFS Foster Care System of their position as wards of the tribunal every bit good as telephone interview for verification of information. Non-probability sampling is used based on the trust of available topics in the Foster attention system. Though non-probability sampling is deemed less dependable, this method will supply research workers with information on a specifically selected group of surrogate young person that are non traditionally studied. This method is purposive as topics will be manus selected based on demands outlined in the Procedures subdivision. The research workers are interested in comparing reunified Foster attention young person to the non-reunified Foster attention youth population. Non-probability sampling will besides be less expensive and more representative of the reunified subgroup of the former Foster attention youth population. In order to obtain the primary sample, research workers will wash up Los Angeles County DCFS records to randomly choice 5000 Foster young person that will be screened for making. After the first 5000 topics are screened for making intents, the following subgroup will be contacted with a missive explicating the intent of the survey and bespeaking their engagement. The mark population is comprised of former Foster attention youth aged 22 to 30 old ages of age ( birth twelvemonth from 1978-1985 ) . Due to the nature of the subject being researched, topics will hold the chance to anonymousl y inscribe in the survey. Anonymous registration can enable participants to experience secure in supplying inside informations sing their past experiences as surrogate young person ( Rubin and Babbie, 2008 ) . Measurement The survey will utilize age and reunion to nominally mensurate the variables, which will later be assigned coded Numberss to quantitatively analyse the information collected. Cross-sectional explorative research is ideal for analyzing the expansive population of former Foster young person in Los Angeles County, which will be measured by appraising methods. Cross-sectional research evaluates the variables identifies in this survey and validities the plausibleness of the thought that academic accomplishment is related to further youth household reunion ( Rubin A ; Babbie, 2008 ) . Past research shows that cross-sectional research designs are used in the bulk of surveies on surrogate households ( Orme A ; Buehler, 2001 ) . Pilot surveies were non conducted to mensurate this population as all initial information was collected through the Department of Child and Family Services ( DCFS ) . Defined Variables The undermentioned variables and spheres will heighten or impede academic attainment in former Foster young person. Independent Variable: Foster Care System Dependent Variable: Academic Accomplishment Result: Academic Accomplishment Spheres: Relationships with teachers/mentors, equal dealingss, and educational positions Extraneous Variables: Controling for reunified Foster young person in survey population Moderating Variables: Factors that impede on academic success. For a kid in surrogate attention this includes household connection and/or reunion with household of beginning. Interceding Variables: Foster attention system experience and the affects on academic accomplishment. An illustration of this includes the changeless transplantation and transferring of surrogate kids between surrogate places, doing a break in the kid s financial school calendar by doing them to lose school. Operational Definitions The undermentioned information defines the operational definitions used to place the constructs and persons measured in this survey. Former Foster Care Youth: Describes any person who has had a long-run arrangement in the Foster attention system. Long-run Placement: Describes any person who has spent 1+ twelvemonth in the Foster attention system. Emancipated Foster Youth: Describes any person who exited the Foster attention system at 18 old ages of age. Educational Attainment: Describes a pupil s thrust to win in school ; every bit good as, the existent degree of academe achieved. Non-Reunified Young person: Identifies foster care kids who were non reunited with their biological household after come ining the system Reunified Young person: Identifies foster care kids who have been taken out of the place and placed in a impermanent Foster place, but were necessarily united with their biological household ( household of beginning ) . Family Reunion: Describes the procedure of a household coming together, to populate in the same place, after a kid is placed back into their household place by the province and is no longer portion of the Foster attention system. Wards of the Court: Identifies all kids who have been removed from their place and processed by California Foster Care System and the Los Angeles Department of Child and Family Services. Dependability and Validity of Instruments/Measures Analyzing available records will be less dearly-won and less clip consuming, but systemic mistake and random mistake is a barrier in roll uping equal research from the Department of Child and Family Services. Systemic mistake may happen in the state of affairs that the profile/documents of a former Foster young person was altered due to falsified information written by the social worker and/or inaccurate information communicated by the past Foster parents or school system. Random mistakes may besides happen due to inadequate followup and hapless certification of kid s arrangement position. These barriers, along with many other plausible factors, create mistakes in research and impact the dependability of the information gathered, every bit good as the cogency of the overall survey ( Rubin A ; Babbie, 2008 ) . This alternate signifier of measuring is executable for this survey as the lone information that will be acquired from the bing DCFS files is placing information, which will in clude name of former Foster young person, day of the month of birth, phone figure and reference. The dependability of this step will so be validated with informal telephone interviews sing that single reached via telephone is a former Foster young person born between 1978-1985. Although cultural competence is critical in the creative activity on the cross-sectional study design, there is no measurement equality of psychometric belongingss relevant to and/or impacting the measuring of the survey at this clip, the information shared on the questionnaire will be coded and evaluated irrespective of any cultural factors ( Orme A ; Buehler, 2001 ) . Written self-report questionnaires will be the primary step used for the sample population. This signifier of measuring will be good to the erstwhile cross-sectional research as it assembles general background person on an person but it will besides give position on the person s attitude and behaviour ( Rubin A ; Babbie, 2008 ) . This information will give researches insight into the persons mental and physical capacities and provides research workers with dependable research that expands causalities between surrogate attention and instruction. Appropriate face cogency is indispensable for the choice of research indexs and variables. Establishing face cogency establishes the life of the survey and research steps chosen. Face cogency is a pre-requisite before get downing this research survey, in that before research is conducted, research workers must find the world of reunion of surrogate young person with original household affects foster youth academic accomplishment ; the handiness of a sample population of former Foster young person between a defined age group. The procedure of face cogency will set up that the measurings chosen seem to mensurate what was expected in the survey ( Rubin A ; Babbie, 2008 ) . This encapsulates the external cogency prevalent in this survey, intending that past research has generalized findings sing the Foster attention experience and the educational experiences of Foster attention kids looking for roots of causality. We presume that internal cogency will stay high as the research workers a re confident in their ability to efficaciously analyse the intended survey. Adequate discrepancy of the research survey provides operationalized picks to guarantee a scope of fluctuation and the grade of properties that have a causal relationship. Procedures Using cross-sectional exploratory research the survey will get down by analyzing bing research, which will be provided by Los Angeles DCFS. After roll uping information on Foster young person who emancipated out of the system and who are presently between the ages of 22 and 30, colloquial telephone calls were made to each person name taken from DCFS files to corroborate the occupant was still a former Foster young person. These telephone calls will besides find if the topic had reunified with household of beginning. Each topic will hold been screened for survey eligibility. After corroborating the residences of former Foster young person, self-report questionnaires with open-ended and closed-ended inquiries will be mailed out, which will offer the sample population a fiscal inducement of $ 15 to return their completed rating. The written self-report questionnaire will include qualitative inquiring ; circling/marking a inquiry, and eventuality inquiring, which will enable research wor kers to contract a wide demographic. This will let for a executable measuring of the big former Foster young person population, and the findings will be more generalizable, which will enable research workers to find the existent representativeness and order of a predicted causal relationship between surrogate youth place arrangement ( surrogate place or united with original family ) and educational attainment degrees ( Rubin A ; Babbie, 2008 ) . Conceptual and Methodological Restrictions Cross-sectional surveies are influential in the development of new cognition, but a restriction of this research design entails the inability to subtract conclusive grounds in effort to set up causal order of variable and properties of the sample. When utilizing self-reporting as a signifier of informations measuring it is imperative to see artificiality of the self-reports, and the possible deficiency of cogency, as the statistics provided for the research were founded on trust and confidentiality. Although written self-reporting is normally used in societal work research, it may be hard to make a well-received study that is worded right and avoids any cultural prejudices, and is non overpowering in length and trouble ( Rubin A ; Babbie, 2008 ) . Overall, there is minimum research on surrogate young person experiences, with in-home or out-of-home Foster attention arrangement, correlated to educational attainment. Most conceptual research on Foster attention kids holds no valid grounds of normative statistical informations, and relies on mensurating a population sample without any known psychometric belongingss. This limits the research worker s ability to analyze and trust on past research to farther retroflex and/or advanced research across assorted civilizations on the subject of involvement. Instrumentality After analyzing available records and roll uping general information/data on Foster young person from the Los Angeles Department of Child and Family Services, unstructured, colloquial telephone interviews will be conducted entirely to verify abode of surrogate young person in order to corroborate the person was a surrogate young person and is presently between the ages of 22 and 30. In the instance that the past Foster young person has moved, the study will non be sent to that individual or the new occupant is able to supply the surveyor with new contact information. Once references are verified, it is predicted that about 1,000 self-administered questionnaires will be mailed to each identified former Foster attention young person between the ages of 22 and 30. In stead of the former Foster young person s engagement and returned questionnaire, a $ 15 inducement will be mailed to the participants. The greater the response of completed studies attained, the larger the survey sample siz e, which will diminish opportunity of trying mistake and increase the cogency and dependability of the statistical grounds collected ( Rubin A ; Babbie, 2008 ) . Once returned back, the questionnaires will undergo a measure uping quantitative analysis in order to change over the written informations into numerical signifier ( Rubin and Babbie, 2008 ) . Datas Analysis Quantitative informations ensuing from the studies will be examined utilizing a computing machine based statistical analysis system such as SPSS. Descriptive statistics will be employed to get information sing participant demographics, educational attainment, employment/economic position, foster care experience including societal support, and accomplishments developing. The information provided from the self-administered studies will be transformed in to coded values which the research workers will utilize to suitably categorise each participant experience. The coded values will so be converted in to statistics which will so be used to compare reunified Foster young person versus non-reunified Foster youth educational attainment. The statistics will supply grounds to whether or non the hypothesis is statistically important. If the hypothesis is at the.05 degree of significance we can reason that the void hypothesis has merely a.05 chance of being true and therefore reject it. Deductions We hypothesize that reunified foster young person will hold completed higher degrees of instruction, than those who spent at least one twelvemonth ( long-run arrangement ) in the Foster attention system. This is due to the prevalence of stableness in reunified young person through reduced school mobility, increased resources, higher self-pride, and resiliency. The significance of this determination is that it supports the necessity of stableness for completion of higher instruction which may diminish the prevalence of delinquency, substance maltreatment, and homelessness as results of surrogate young person determined by old research surveies ( Bates et al. , 1997 ; Emerson, 2007 ) . The deduction is that, permanence, by making stableness and the societal position of rank, is an of import resource for non-reunified young person, which may increase positive results for completion in higher instruction. For young person in province attention to go successful and emotionally healthy in maturity, they must go forth the Foster attention system in a planned mode that connects them to a womb-to-tomb household ( Louisell, 2003 ; Pecora et al. , 2003 ; Wulczyn, 2004 ; Zeitlin, 2004 ) . Family permanency finally can cut down the figure of young person who enter attention every bit good as those who age out of surrogate attention without a househol d ( Louisell, 2003 ) . More than 25,000 surrogate young person age out of province attention or run off every twelvemonth before governments can reunite them with their parents, place them for good with relations, or procure an adoptive household ( Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2007 ) . Those vulnerable youth deficiency any on-going connexion to household members or caring grownups. Federal, province, and local governments must acknowledge the critical importance of lasting household connexions for young person in Foster attention if significant advancement is to be made in bettering results for these disconnected young person. Policies and support must bolster these critical connexions. Child welfare systems can convey kids the permanency they need by supplying support to households so that kids can stay safely with their ain parents and household members ( i.e. avoid surrogate attention arrangement ) or return safely to their parents and household members. At hazard kids may be placed with relations who are able to care for them, or, when these options are non available, making alternate planned populating agreements while fostering continued household connexions are feasible programs of action for professionals ( Louisell, 2003 ) . Permanence is both a value and end of pattern. Change will necessitate new patterns, adequate and flexible support, improved inducements for systems and single households, and redefined ends and steps of answerability for policy shapers and practicians. 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